Integrated Renewable Energy Microgrid Model Based on Blockchain and DeFi: A Simulation Study of P2P Energy Trading and Renewable Energy Certificate Tokenization

erick fernando; Marojahan Tampubolon; Fahmy Rinanda Saputri

doi:10.61098/jarcis.v2i2.321

Authors

erick fernando Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
Marojahan Universitas Multimedia Nusantara
Fahmy Rinanda Saputri Universitas Multimedia Nusantara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61098/jarcis.v2i2.321

Keywords:

Microgrid, Blockchain, Peer-to-Peer, Energy Trading, REC, DeFi, Tokenisasi Energi, Simulasi

Abstract

This study proposes and evaluates a blockchain-based renewable energy microgrid model and Decentralized Finance (DeFi) that integrates physical energy systems, IoT metering, smart contracts, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy markets, Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) tokenization, and staking mechanisms to create a transparent and incentivized energy-finance ecosystem. The evaluation is conducted through hourly computational simulations for one year (8,760 hours) on the same community microgrid configuration, namely 500 kWp PV and 200 kWh batteries, with a total consumption of 1.25 GWh. Three scenarios are compared to isolate the impact of the digital layer on system performance: S1 (baseline without blockchain and without P2P), S2 (blockchain-P2P with energy trading and RECs without DeFi), and S3 (full integration of blockchain + DeFi). The results show that S1 results in 36% renewable energy penetration with 810 MWh/year of grid energy imports and a system cost of IDR 455 million/year, indicating that the utilization of PV surplus and the role of batteries is still limited. In S2, the implementation of a P2P marketplace and REC tokenization increased renewable energy penetration to 52%, decreased grid imports to 600 MWh/year, and reduced system costs to IDR 382 million/year, due to increased battery utilization and reduced curtailment. In S3, the DeFi staking mechanism (10%/year yield) strengthened green energy utilization incentives, increasing renewable energy penetration to 67%, decreasing grid imports to 430 MWh/year, and decreasing net system costs to IDR 305 million/year after incorporating DeFi revenue of approximately IDR 48 million/year, with stable tokenomics indicated by approximately 55% of tokens being staked. These findings confirm that the gradual integration of blockchain and DeFi can improve the technical and economic efficiency of microgrids, while transforming renewable energy into a productive digital asset.

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